IE Analysis:https://youtu.be/s2wj4w-LWxc?feature=shared
JN Analysis:https://youtu.be/rSN4cqcr_CU?feature=shared
1 .PM-KISAN:
(GS Paper II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations)
is a Central Sector scheme with 100% funding from Government of India. The fund will be directly transferred to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries.
The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-Kisan) is a Central Sector scheme fully funded by the Government of India. It aims to provide income support to small and marginal farmers. Under the scheme, eligible farmers receive a direct payment of ₹6,000 per year, transferred in three equal installments of ₹2,000 every four months directly into their bank accounts.
This initiative is intended to supplement the financial needs of farmers and assist them in procuring necessary inputs for their agricultural activities.
2 .Nag Mk-2:
(General Studies-III (250 marks)Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management)
The Nag Mk-2 is a third-generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in India.
It is a fire-and-forget missile, meaning that once launched, it can autonomously acquire and engage targets without further guidance from the operator. The Nag Mk-2 is designed to neutralize modern armored threats, including tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, and bunkers.
It features advanced capabilities such as lock-on-before-launch, imaging infrared seeker, and a tandem warhead to penetrate reactive armor. The successful field evaluation trials of the Nag Mk-2 have paved the way for its induction into the Indian Army, enhancing its anti-tank capabilities.
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was formed in 1958. It reports to the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India.
3 .The Genome India Project
(General Studies-III (250 marks)Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management)
is a large-scale research initiative aimed at decoding the genetic diversity of India's population. By sequencing the genomes of 10,000 healthy individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds, the project seeks to create a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variations.
This invaluable resource will not only advance our understanding of diseases prevalent in India, such as diabetes and heart disease, but also pave the way for personalized medicine approaches tailored to an individual's unique genetic makeup.
The primary aim of GenomeIndia is to construct a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variations for India’s population that will better capture our unique diversity.
The instruction manual for our life, the human genome, is made up of DNA, represented by four letters A, C, G, and T. This genetic script, making up the human genome, extends across a staggering three billion such letters.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
Imagine it as a long, twisted ladder.
The sides of the ladder are made of sugar and phosphate molecules.
The rungs of the ladder are made of pairs of four different chemical bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C).
The order of these bases in the DNA sequence determines the unique genetic information.
Housed within the cells of our body, our genomes manifest as 23 pairs of chromosomes. In the intricate phenomenon of heredity, we inherit our genomes from our parents. Half our DNA is from our mothers, and half is from our fathers.
Genome:
This is the complete set of genetic instructions for an organism.
In humans, the genome is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes located within the nucleus of each cell.
Each chromosome contains a single, very long molecule of DNA.
The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs (A-T, C-G) of DNA
4 .Fire Retardant : The pink fire retardant commonly used in airplanes is a chemical mixture known as Phos-Chek. It's primarily composed of ammonium phosphate fertilizer, which acts as a fire suppressant by depriving the flames of oxygen and reducing their intensity. The pink color is added to enhance visibility for firefighters on the ground.
Phos-Chek is a brand name for a range of fire retardants used in aerial firefighting. These retardants are primarily composed of ammonium salts, such as ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate.
How they work:
Oxygen Deprivation: Ammonium salts release water vapor and ammonia gas when heated. This displaces oxygen around the fire, inhibiting combustion.
Cooling: The water released during the decomposition of ammonium salts helps cool the fire.
Chemical Reaction: Ammonium salts can also react with the fuel, forming a non-flammable char.
Key Components:
Ammonium Salts: These are the primary fire-suppressing agents.
Thickening Agents: These help the retardant adhere to the ground and create a more effective barrier. Common thickeners include guar gum and other natural polymers.
Coloring Agents: These are added to enhance visibility for firefighters and aircrews.
Types of Phos-Chek:
Dry Powder: Mixed with water before application.
Concentrated Liquid: Diluted with water before application.
Phos-Chek is considered an effective fire retardant,but it also has environmental impact is a subject of ongoing research and debate.
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